wireless sensor networks current status and future trends and wireless sensor networks applications wireless sensor networks principles and practice pdf free download
Dr.BlakeMorton,Jordan,Researcher
Published Date:17-07-2017
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Introduction to Wireless Sensor
Networks:
Networking Aspects
Nancy Panousopoulou
Electrical and Computer Engineer, PhD
Signal Processing Lab, ICS-FORTH
apanousoics.forth.gr
8.04.2014, 10.04.2014Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
• 10+years old
• 3-in-1 attribute: sensing, processing, communicating
• Secret of success: Miniaturized and cost-effective deployment
• Research: Full of challenges ∝ Application areas…Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
• What is a sensor node
• Basic unit in sensor network
processing,
transceiver
sensor
(connection to the outer-world,
(transducer, measuring a
storage
e.g. other sensor nodes, or data
physical phenomenon e.g.
(communication with sensor,
• Contains on-board sensors, processor,
collectors sinks)
heat, light, motion, vibration,
data acquisition, and
and sound)
memory, transceiver, and power supply
preprocessing, buffers handling,
etc)
• What is a sensor network
power unit
(battery based – limited lifetime)
• Consists of a large number of sensor
nodes
• Nodes deployed either inside or close to
the phenomenon/parameter being
sensedIntroduction & Reasoning of Existence
Application Areas (1): Wild-life and environmental monitoring 1-8Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
Application Areas (2): Industrial control & Automotive, structural health monitoring, Smart Cities 9-11Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
Application Areas (3): Body area networks for sports, healthcare and wellbeing 12Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
In contrast to data networks:
Necessary means for accessing the “physical” space…
Infrastructure-less information transfer towards support
systems and decision makersIntroduction & Reasoning of Existence
Technical Specs (Holistic Aspect)
• Highly scalable (10 – 1000+)
• Depending on the application
• Lower bit rates than data networks (nominal max typically 250kbps) – reduced bandwidth requirements
• Easily stretched w.r.t. application area changes & / the network size increases
• Throughput / s.m. Dense networks are not only large-scale networks…
• Power autonomy (and associated issues…)
• Fixed in position? Maybe – Static in operation? No….
• No need for network infrastructure (unattended, long term monitoring)
• Base Station / Gateway support for reaching the outer world.Outline
• Part 1: Applications, Standards and Protocols
• Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
• Sensing, Processing, and Networking Aspects
• Topologies, Standards & Network Protocols
• Part 2: WSN Programming
• Operating Systems
• Examples & Hands on Session
• A case study of network protocol design and experimental evaluation.sensing
What do we sense?
Depends on the application
Challenges:
• Accuracy & Operational parameters
(e.g. how battery fluctuations affect accuracy)
• Size
• Hardware design
• How to make them battery-less….proces
sing
How do we process it?
Limited (for conventional platforms)
• Trade off: Computational Efficiency Vs Power
• Basic calculations at 16-bit architectures
• More advanced? Doable but reduced speed (software & compiler)
e.g. on-node Kalman filter for motion reconstruction (6 inputs – 4 outputs) 5seconds
• Newer trends in hardware design:
• increased memory for programming and calculations
• New trend: collaborative & in-network processing
• + distributed storage - resolved network issues… networ
king
What do we do with it?
One of the most active research area in WSNs for the last decade…
• Propagation characteristics & channel modeling
• Protocols design (routing, MAC)
• Energy conservation
• Security
• Topology Control
• ….networ
king
What do we do with it?
on-node & intra-network: w.r.t. OSI’s protocol stack
No session /
APP Sensing, Data Processing
presentation layers
as in conventional data
networks
? Depending on HW capabilities & application demands
Transport
(lightweight version – limited functionality)
NWK Open for research ( well-studied algorithms in practice)
Fixed (e.g. TDMA / FDMA) or Contention-based (CSMA) approaches
MAC
(depends on both the technology and the appl. demands) – Also defined by
standards
PHY
Standard-compliant or “Closed”What do we do with it?
Inter-networking: w.r.t. application demands and outer-world connectivity
Fusion Center
Sensor Node
Virtual flow Application Layer
APP
Visualiza-
Data
tion
Transport
Transport
Unit
Network
MGM Unit
NWK
NWK
Wired /
Network Stack
Network Stack
Wireless
Wireless,
(e.g. WiFI,
MAC
MAC
ad-hoc,
GSM/GPRS,
self-
LAN, Ethernet,
organized
etc)
PHY
PHY
Router / Gateway
Resources
• High Volume of information
Small volume of information
• Global perspective on the entire
(locally available)
systemOutline
• Part 1: Applications, Standards and Protocols
• Introduction & Reasoning of Existence
• Sensing, Processing, and Networking Aspects
• Standards, Topologies & Protocols
• Part 2: WSN Programming
• Operating Systems
• Examples & Hands on Session
• A case study of network protocol design and experimental evaluation.The standards
The standards family: IEEE 802.15 13
• Topologies and network roles
• PHY - frequency and channels, spectrum handling, modulation,
bit rate
• MAC – packet formats, operational modes, timing aspects, topologiesThe members of the family 13-14
Standard Description Initial Release / Revision Date Amendments
IEEE 802.15.1 MAC and PHY Layer Specifications for 2002 / 2005 Bluetooth Core Configuration v4.0 and
(Bluetooth) Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Bluetooth Low Energy (2009)
IEEE 802.15.2 Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area 2003 In hibernation since 2011.
Networks With Other Wireless Devices
Operating in Unlicensed Frequency Bands
IEEE 802.15.3 MAC and PHY Layer Specifications for High 2003 802.15.3b (2006): Amendment to MAC
Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (HR- Sublayer
WPANs)
802.15.3c (2009): Millimeter-wave-based
Alternative Physical Layer Extension
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY Layer Specifications for Low- 2003 /2006/ 2011 802.15.4.a (2007): PHY Layer Extension to
Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-
WPANs) Chirp Spectrum Techniques and UWB systems
802.15.4c (2009): Alternative PHY Extension
to support one or more of the Chinese 314-316 MHz,
430-434 MHz, and 779-787 MHz bands
802.15.4d (2009): Alternative PHY Layer
Extension to support the Japanese 950 MHz bands
802.15.4e (2012): Amendment 1: MAC sub-
layer
802.15.4f (2012): Active Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) System PHY
802.15.4j (2013) – Alternative PHY Extension
to support Medical Body Area Network
(MBAN) services operating in the 2360-2400
MHz band
-
IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh Topology Capability in Wireless 2009
Personal Area Networks
-
IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area Networks 2012IEEE 802.15.4
Standard Description Initial Release / Revision Date Amendments
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC Layer for Low Rate 2003 /2006/ 2011 802.15.4.a (2007): PHY Layer Extension to
Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR- Chirp Spectrum Techniques and UWB systems
WPAN)
802.15.4c (2009): Alternative PHY Extension
to support one or more of the Chinese 314-316
MHz,
430-434 MHz, and 779-787 MHz bands
802.15.4d (2009): Alternative PHY Layer
Extension to support the Japanese 950 MHz
Bands
802.15.4e (2012): Amendment 1: MAC sub-
Layer
802.15.4f (2012): Active Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) System PHY
802.15.4j (2013) – Alternative PHY Extension
to support Medical Body Area Network
(MBAN) services operating in the 2360-2400
MHz bandIEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 Types of Devices 15
• Full-Function Device (FFD)
• Capable of acting as the network’s coordinator or as a simple device
• Undertaking complex network functionalities
• Reduced-Function Device (RFD)
• Extremely low bandwidth demands application specs (e.g. front-end low
complexity sensors with no network intelligence, passive RFID, etc)
A PAN Coordinator
• Associates a PAN with an ID. Networks with different PAN IDs cannot communicate
directly with each other.
• Allows nodes to join, leave the PAN. If necessary initiates, terminates, routes the
communication (RFD)
• Usually is plugged into power source (Vs RFDs and FFDs)Coordinator
RFD
IEEE 802.15.4
FFD
Types of topologies 15
• Star: each device (FFD or RDF) communicates with the PAN
coordinator only
• Suitable for small-scale networks that operate within a
limited space
• home automation, computer peripherals, peripherals,
games, and personal health care
• Peer-to-peer: FFD devices can communicate with each
other, as long as they are within communication range.
• More flexible than star, suitable for larger-scale networks
that need distributed coordination between peers without
the necessity of a central unit.
• Multi-hopping, Cluster Trees, and Mesh networking
• Environmental & Wild Life, Smart Cities, Industrial, etc.
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