Air Pollution Control and Air Chemistry and atmospheric chemistry and air pollution ppt
RyanCanon,United Arab Emirates,Teacher
Published Date:21-07-2017
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Air Pollution Control and Air Chemistry:
Introduction to fundamental processes in the atmosphere
st
(1 lecture)
Detlev Möller
Chair for Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Control
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Process Engineering
Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus, Germany¾¾¾¾
Objectives:
To describe the atmosphere as a chemical and physical system,
controlled by solar radiation, terrestrial natural (biogenic and
geogenic) processes as well anthropogenic activities.
The atmosphere
Air composition and problems
Air pollution
The climate systemsolar radiation
ATMOSPHERE
chemical system: physical system:
composition and climate und
structure weather
emission deposition
agriculture
industry soil
traffic water
municipal fauna/flora
TECHNOLOGY NATURESO2, CO, VOC
HO H O
2 2
OH 2
NO
x
NO
hv
NOx
HNOx
2+
SO
Ca
2
HCl
OX
NO
+
x
S(IV) - S(VI) + H
O
3
2+
Dust, e.g. Ca
NO VOC - VOC'
- +
NO + H
x
OX + OX - O , H O
2 2
NO2
+
NH
4
NO
VOC
CO
N O, NH
2 3
Industrial & urban emission
dry deposition agricultural emmision wet depositionDefinitions & statements
Air = chemical multiphase system consisting from gaseous species, particulate matter and droplets (=
chemical system of the lower atmosphere. i.e. until the meso pause)
Atmosphere = reservoir sourrounding the earth surface; including the high atmosphere where air is
not longer defined
The chemical composition of the atmosphere (i.e. “Air Chemistry”) is a result of emissions into the
atmosphere, chemical reactions (transformation), transport processes (mixing) and energetic
processes (“Physics of the Atmosphere”). The natural air chemistry is a result of the evolution of
the biosphere-atmosphere interaction.
Man-made activities lead to a changing chemical composition of the atmosphere, which is called Air
Pollution, i.e., x - x = x
present natural pollutant
Effect Impact
An is a results of an , which, however, is given by the total concentration (x +
natural
x ). Therefore, impact assessment needs a separation between natural and man-made influences
pollutant
suggesting abatement strategies. Co-impacts (external and internal) must be considered. Effects only
occur when the impact exceeds a threshold.
The impact to an ecosystem is a system
of hiercharchic functional relationsships
(Deposition as an example for atmospheric parameter):
total impact = f(impact
)
i
impact = f(atmospheric, soil and internal parameters)
i
atmospheric parameters: precipitation
radiation
temperature
humidity
wind
deposition: dry
wet
occult
deposition = f(concentrations,meteorological and surface parameter)
concentrations = f(emission, air chemistry,
transportation, deposition)
emission = f(society, etc)
example for feedback relations:
air chemistry depends from the ecosystem (i.e. the impact itself) in sense of emission and
deposition fluxes
Air chemistry is defined ... as the branch of
atmospheric science concerned with the
constituents and chemical processes of the
atmosphere ... (Christian Junge, 1963)A clean atmosphere is a political target, i.e., an air chemical
composition (defined in time and scale) which should provide a
sustainable development.
The natural atmosphere does not longer exist; it was the air
chemical composition without man-made influence. However, the
definition is not exactly because humans ar part of the nature...
On the other hand, humans – by decoupling of her life cycle from
only natural conditions – have altered „natural“ biogeochemical
cycles. Vernadsky understood with noosphere a new dimension of
the biosphere, developing under the evolutionary influence of
humans on natural processes. composition of the dry remote atmosphere
(global mean concentrations)
substituent conventration remarek
-4
≡
(in ppm 10 %)
a
nitrogen N 780840 constant
2
a
constant
oxygen O 209460
2
a
constant
argon Ar 9340
carbon dioxide CO 360 increasing
2
constant
neon Ne 18,18
constant
helium He 5,24
methane CH 1,73 increasing
4
constant
krypton Kr 1,14
constant
hydrogen H 0,5
2
dinitrogen monoxid N O 0,31 steigend
2
carbon monoxid CO 0,120 increasing
xenon Xe 0,087 constant
ozone O 0,03 variabel
3
carbonylsulfid CSO 0,00066 increasing
b
nitric acid HNO variable
≤ 0,001
3
c
radikals 0,00001 variable
hydroxyl radikal OH 0,0000003 variable
a
related to the “clean” atmosphere O + N + Ar + CO
2 2 2
b
and many other trace substances (NH , NO , HCl, NMHC, H O , DMS, CFC´s et. al.)
3 x 2 2
c
e.g. HO , NO , Cl
2 3Atmospheric research Atmospheric environmental research
Air chemistry
Air pollution control
Meteorology
Air pollution
Atmospheric physics
SO , NOx, VOC, dust, etc.
2
Acidity
Oxidation potential
Biosphere research
Climate forcing
other geosciences
???????????
Earth system research
Physical and chemical
properties of the
atrmosphereCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEACH
ecology
chem. ecology
geochemistry
GEOSPHERE
air chemistry
atmosphere
water chemistry
hydrosphere
fauna/flora
pedosphere
BIOSPHERE
lithosphere
ecological chem.
biochemistry
biogeochemistry
Chemistry and physics being sciences of „observing“
the environment (our “senses”)
„extern“ disciplins information interface „intern“
„human“ disciplin
↓
↓
↓
smell
Substances
Chemistry →
taste
Optics
seeing
Akustics
hear → Biology
↑
Thermodynamics
feel
Physics →
Mechanics
touch Problems in spatial scale
local dust
local regional SO , aerosol
2
local global CO , CH , N O
2 4 2
local regional global O
3
space space „acid rain“
1 2Atmospheric problems in temporal scale
Positive climate forcing (greenhouse effect) 100 years
Background ozone 50 years
Negative climate forcing (aerosol) 2 weeks
Sommermog 1 week
Wintersmog 1 week
Disaster 1 dayshorter longer
1 s 1 d 1 a
time (s)
1,00E-09 1,00E-07 1,00E-05 1,00E-03 1,00E-01 1,00E+01 1,00E+03 1,00E+05 1,00E+07 1,00E+09
1,0 0 E +0 6
global
1,0 0 E +0 4
1,0 0 E +0 2
1,0 0 E +0 0
1,00E-02
1,00E-04
1,00E-06
local
1,00E-08
1,0 0 E -10
chem. elementar reactions
dissipation eddies
turbulence
clouds
cloud systems, cyclons
interhemispheric transport
oxidation of SO
2
oxidation of methane
decay of freons
distance (km)The climate system
solar radiation
ATMOSPHERE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
energy
substance
(physical processes)
(chemical processes)
BIOSPHERE / GEOSPHERE
ANTHROPOSPHEREclima
Latin: slope
κλίµα
Greek
climate
Behind the meteorologists understand
the sum of meteorological factors (elements) / the summary of
weather / the mean (averaged) weather,
mean status of the atmosphere
describing the at a given site of the
Earth surface, represented by the statistical total properties (mean
values, frequencies, durations etc.) of a long enough time periode.
(Julius v. Hann 1983, W. Köppen 1923, E. S. Rubinstein 1956, K.
Schneider-Carius 1961, J. Blüthgen 1964, WMO 1979)
is a function of space and time.
Climate
can not be described as a single unit.
Climate
Cosmos.
Outline
of a physical world description
by
Alexander von Humboldt
First Volume. (1845)Climate definition by Humboldt (from: Kosmos, 1845)
The term climate denotes in his most
general sense all changes in the
atmosphere, affecting our organs
remarkable: the temperature, the humidity,
die barometric pressure change, the silent
air status or the impacts of windy airs, the
size of electricity, the purity of the
atmosphere or its mixing with more or less
harmful gaseous exhalations and finally
the degree of its transparency and sky-
blueness: which not only is important for
the increased heat radiation of the soil, the
organic development of plants and mature
of fruits but also for the human feeling and
his spititual welfare.Climate
WMO definitions
Synthesis of weather conditions in a given area, characterized by long-
term statistics (mean values, variances, probabilities of extreme values,
etc.) of the meteorological elements in that area.
Weather
The state of the atmosphere mainly with respect to its effects upon life
and human activities. As distinguished from climate, weather consists of
the short-term (minutes to about 15 days) variations of the atmosphere
state.
Meteorological Elements
Any one of the properties or conditions of the atmosphere which together
specify the weather at a given place for any particular time (for example,
air temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, thunderstorm and fog)
Atmosphere
The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it more or less
permanently by virtue of the Earth's gravitational attraction; the system
whose chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes
Chemistry (chem. weather)
constitute the subject matter of meteorology.
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